Not Available<\/p>\n
Background\/Context: Pedestrians are commonly involved in vehicle collisions that result in injuries and fatalities. Pedestrian distraction has become an emerging safety issue as more pedestrians use their mobile phones while walking and crossing the street. For example, the percentage of observed distracted pedestrians crossing streets ranges from about 2 to 42 percent varying by country, city, year of observation, traffic controls, time of day, and pedestrian age and sex. However, the contribution of distracted walking behaviours to traffic safety is insufficiently described and synthesized in the literature.<\/p>\n
Aims\/Objectives: To determine the extent that cell phone conversation, text messaging, browsing, and listening to music affect pedestrian behavioural measures while street crossing.<\/p>\n
Methods\/Targets: A keyword search was developed with a subject librarian that used tested MeSH terms from selected databases including PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE and TRID. The search identified 1,794 citations through June 2018. After duplicates were removed and abstracts screened, 330 studies underwent full-text review. Experimental (e.g. street-crossing simulations) and observational studies (e.g. of real-world pedestrians and intersections) that examined cell phone conversation, text messaging or browsing, and listening to music were included. Pedestrian behaviours of initiation duration, missed opportunities, crossing duration, looking left and right, and hits and close calls were targeted for inclusion. After each study was screened by two or three researchers, 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. Statistical and procedural meta-analytic methods adhered to Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines. Statistical information (i.e., F, t, p, M SD, SE) was extracted and coded for each distracting behaviour.<\/p>\n
Results\/Activities: The N-weighted meta-analysis analyzed 79 effect sizes. The sample represents over 4,000 participants (approximately half male). Both mobile phone conversation and text-messaging increased rates of hits and close calls (i.e., near-misses). Talking, texting and listening to music decreased rates of looking left and right prior to and\/or during street crossing. As might be expected, text messaging or browsing was found to have the most detrimental effect on multiple behavioural measures.<\/p>\n
Discussion\/Deliverables: The results of this meta-analysis found that pedestrians who engage in cell phone conversation, or who text or browse on handheld phones compared with those who do not, tend to wait longer to start crossing the street, may miss more safe crossing opportunities, do not always look around for traffic or other hazards and have more frequent near misses and collisions.<\/p>\n
Conclusions: The generalizability of these risky behaviours to pedestrian safety is limited because these measures, despite their frequent use within the international literature, require validation against real-world crash involvement. Given the ubiquity of smartphones, which have infiltrated most aspects of daily life, distracted walking and street crossing will be a road safety issue for the foreseeable future.<\/p>\n
Simmons, Caird, Ta, Sterzer, Hagel<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":163,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"default","_kad_post_title":"default","_kad_post_layout":"default","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"default","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"default","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[343,346],"tags":[387,372,388],"class_list":["post-16955","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-carsp-conference-acpser-calgary-2019","category-research-and-evaluation","tag-injury-prevention","tag-pedestrians","tag-road-safety-education"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/carsp.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16955","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/carsp.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/carsp.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carsp.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/163"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carsp.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16955"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/carsp.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16955\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18035,"href":"https:\/\/carsp.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16955\/revisions\/18035"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/carsp.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16955"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carsp.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16955"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/carsp.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16955"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}